THE CARBON–ENERGY–ECONOMIC GROWTH NEXUS IN THE CONTEXT OF URBAN PLANNING: A COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE SURVEY AND SYNTHESIS

Abstract

Rapid global urbanization has profoundly intensified the complex interactions between carbon emissions, energy consumption, and economic development, which is widely recognized as the carbon-energy-economic growth nexus. While cities act as the primary engines of national and global economic prosperity, they are simultaneously responsible for the vast majority of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions and high-density energy demand. Consequently, understanding how to balance robust economic expansion with environmental sustainability has become one of the most pressing challenges of the twenty-first century. This comprehensive literature survey and synthesis examines the theoretical foundations, empirical methods, and policy frameworks that connect urban spatial organization with energy and economic dynamics. By critically reviewing recent advancements in spatial econometrics, Input-Output modeling, and urban metabolism frameworks, the paper evaluates how various contemporary urban planning paradigms mediate this trilemma. Specifically, the review identifies critical structural gaps in existing scholarly research, particularly regarding cross-scale spatial interactions. It addresses the methodological challenges researchers face when isolating policy impacts from broader macroeconomic trends. Finally, the study outlines a forward-looking research agenda and offers actionable insights to guide urban planners, environmental analysts, and policymakers in designing highly resilient, and economically vibrant cities for the future.